Origin of name
The Duke of Devonshire Emerald gets its name from the 6th Duke of
Devonshire, William Cavendish, who according to one version, received the enormous gemstone as a gift
from the first emperor of Brazil, Don Pedro I, the son of King John VI of
Portugal, but according to a second version purchased the gemstone from the
emperor. John VI of Portugal held court in exile in Brazil for a period of
14 years, from 1807 t0 1821, during the period of upheaval in Portugal
caused by the invasion of Napoleon's forces. During this period British
forces led by the Duke of Wellington helped defeat the French forces in
many battles, and the French were forced to withdraw from Portugal. In the
absence of the royal family, Portugal was administered by the commander of
the Portuguese army, a British officer by the name of Viscount Beresford.
Eventually in 1821, King John VI agreed to return to Portugal, and continue
his rule, but only as head of a constitutional monarchy, with his powers
severely curtailed. When John VI left Brazil, he appointed his eldest son
Don Pedro as the governor of Brazil. However, when the constitutionalists of
Portugal tried to force Don Pedro to toe the line adopted by his father, he declared
Brazil independent of Portugal, on September 7, 1822, and became the
first Emperor of Brazil, as Pedro I. He also installed Brazil's most
celebrated politician, Jose Bonifacio de Andrarda e Silva, a renowned
naturalist and geologist after whom the mineral andradite is named, as
Prime Minister of Brazil.
Initially, Emperor Pedro had a lot of popular support but gradually
this support began to wane, resulting in the disastrous civil war in 1828,
which resulted in the separation of Uruguay from Brazil.
Emperor Pedro I ruled Brazil only for about 9 years, until 1831, when he
decided to abdicate the throne, in order to return to Portugal to lead a
fight against his brother Don Miguel, who had ascended the throne of
Portugal illegally, after his father's death, with the help of the
absolutists. Don Pedro succeeded in defeating his brother in May 1834 and
reclaiming the Portuguese throne, but died soon afterwards in September
1834, leaving the throne to his daughter Maria da Gloria, who became queen
as Maria II, at the age of 15 years. Thus, if the Duke of Devonshire
Emerald, was gifted by Don Pedro to the Duke, it must have taken place
somewhere between 1822 and 1831.
Characteristics of the gemstone
The Duke of Devonshire Emerald is a terminated hexagonal-shaped crystal discovered from the
mines of Muzo, Santa Fe de Bogota, in Colombia, reputed to be the premier
source of the world's finest emeralds. It is an exceptional deep-green
emerald, with perfect transparency in certain areas, but heavily flawed in
other areas. The emerald that measures 5 cm across the pinacoid also has a
height of about 5 cm, and weighs
1,383.95 carats. The emerald had a reputation as the largest and finest
uncut emerald in existence.
History of the Duke of Devonshire Emerald
The source of the Devonshire Emerald
The Devonshire Emerald was discovered in the emerald mines of Muzo, in
Colombia, probably in the early 19th century, and eventually found its
way to Brazil, where it entered the court of the Emperor Don Pedro I. Muzo
is situated in the north-western end of the Colombian emerald-belt, where
the other two mining districts of Coscuez and Quipama are also situated. The
emerald mines in this region are under the control of Sociedad de Mineros
Boyancences (Society of Mining, Boyancences). However, most of the mines are
worked by unauthorized miners known as guaqueros. The Muzo emeralds are
renowned world wide for their characteristic leaf-green or grass-green
color, with yellow being the secondary color. Important mines in this region
are the Yacopi mines and the Penas Blanca deposits.
The Dukes of Devonshire
Creation of the title of Earl of Devonshire
in 1618
The Duke of Devonshire is a title in the Peerage of England, granted to
members of the aristocratic Cavendish family, which has been one of the
richest and most influential aristocratic families in England, since the
early 17th century, when William Cavendish (1552-1626), a
great-great-grandson of Sir John Cavendish from whom the family gets its
name, was elevated to the status of the First Earl of Devonshire in 1618, by
King James I, for distinguished services to the British Crown. William
Cavendish was a politician and supported the colonization of Virginia.
Almost ten years later in 1628, a nephew of William Cavendish (son of Sir
Charles Cavendish), who was also known as William Cavendish (1593-1676), was
elevated to the status of the First Earl of Newcastle, by King Charles I.
William Cavendish was a prominent royalist commander in the English civil
war, and after restoration of the Monarchy was bestowed the title of Duke of
Newcastle in 1664, by Charles II. Thus the Cavendish family laid claim to
two important dukedoms in the United kingdom, the Duke of Devonshire and the
Duke of Newcastle.
Creation of the title of Duke of Devonshire
in 1694
The Cavendish family descends from Sir John Cavendish, who served as the
Chief Justice of the King's Bench from 1372 to 1381, and took his name from
the village of Cavendish in Suffolk. The title of Earl of Devonshire passed
down from father to son starting from William Cavendish in 1618. All
the Earls of Devonshire took the name William Cavendish, and the 4th Earl of
Devonshire (1640-1707) who supported the glorious revolution and served as
the Lord Steward of the Household under William II and Queen Mary, was
bestowed the title The First Duke of Devonshire in 1694. The successors of
the Duke of Devonshire also took the name William Cavendish and the 4th Duke
of Devonshire (1720-1764), who was a prominent politician became the First
Lord of the Treasury and the titular Prime Minister of Great Britain from
1756-1757. The 4th Duke of Devonshire was succeeded by his eldest son, the
5h Duke of Devonshire (1748-1811), who married Lady Georgiana Spencer, the
celebrated beauty and society hostess. The 5th Duke of Devonshire also had
two mistresses, lady Elizabeth Foster and Charlotte Spencer by whom he had
several issues, but not legitimate. His legitimate children by Lady
Georgiana Spencer was a son, who succeeded the father as the 6th Duke of
Devonshire, and two daughters. The 6th Duke of Devonshire was popularly
known as the "Bachelor Duke" as he never got married, and was succeeded by a
cousin. The present Duke of Devonshire, born in 1944, Peregrine Andrew
Mornay Cavendish is 12th in the line of succession to the dukedom, and his
heir apparent, is William Cavendish, the Earl of Burlington. Among the Dukes
of Devonshire were several prominent politicians, which included a prime
minister, a leader of the Liberal Party, and a Governor General of Canada.
The prominent physicist and chemist Henry Cavendish, who discovered the
composition of air and water, the nature and properties of hydrogen, the
specific heats of substances, properties of electricity, etc. was also a
descendant of the family.
The 6th Duke of Devonshire (1790-1858)
It was during the time of the
6th Duke of Devonshire, the famous "Duke of Devonshire Emerald" entered the
collection of minerals of the Devonshire family, started by one of English
Society's most remarkable women, Georgiana Spencer, the wife of William
Cavendish, the 5th Duke of Devonshire, and the mother of the 6th Duke of
Devonshire, who was also known as the "Bachelor Duke." The 6th Duke of
Devonshire, was known by the name William George Spencer Cavendish, the name
George Spencer taken from his mother's surname. This was a clear indication
to show that he was the legitimate son of his father's legitimate wife,
Georgiana Spencer, as his father also had several other illegitimate
children by his mistresses. He became the Duke of Devonshire at the age of
21, when his father died in 1811. He inherited an enormous estate from his
father, which included eight stately homes and 200,000 acres of land.
William George Spencer Cavendish, the VI Duke of Devonshire
He served as the Lord Chamberlain of the Household to King William IV. He
traveled extensively, and among his friends were the Czar Nicholas I of
Russia, Charles Dickens and Antonio Canova. The 6th Duke, remained unmarried
until his death in 1858 at the age of 67. It is said that his decision to
remain a bachelor was prompted by his failure to secure the hand of Princess
Mary, daughter of King George III, who rather preferred to marry her royal
cousin, the 2nd Duke of Gloucester. However the Duke had two sisters who
were both married and left descendants. When the 6th Duke of Devonshire
died, he was succeeded by a cousin, a son of the younger brother of the 5th
Duke, who married the daughter of one of the sisters of the 6th Duke,
Lady Georgiana Cavendish, wife of the 6th Earl of Carlisle.
Emperor Don Pedro I of Brazil
Was the "Duke of Devonshire Emerald" gifted
or sold to the 6th Duke of Devonshire ?
In 1831, after the abdication of his throne in Brazil, Don Pedro I, traveled
to Europe, looking for political and military support, to reclaim the throne
of Portugal from his brother Don Miguel. It was during this trip that he
came to England, and met the 6th Duke of Devonshire. It is believed that
Emperor Don Pedro gave the "Duke of Devonshire Emerald" as a gift to the 6th
Duke of Devonshire, but there is no original documentary evidence to support
this belief, in the documents available at the Chatsworth House, the
ancestral seat of the Dukes of Devonshire. According to another belief the
Duke of Devonshire Emerald was sold to the 6th Duke of Devonshire, by Don
Pedro I, but details of the transaction are not available. But, the second
version seem to be quite plausible, as the trip to Europe undertaken by Don
Pedro I, was mainly for the purpose of raising funds for the purchase of
arms, and recruiting men for the conquest of Portugal. It is possible that
Don Pedro carried not only the "Duke of Devonshire Emerald" but also several
other emeralds, diamonds and gemstones, to Europe in order to raise money
for his cause.
The Devonshire Mineral Collection of
Chatsworth House
Lady Georgiana Spencer's contribution to the
collection
The Devonshire Mineral Collection which includes an impressive variety of
classic 18th and 19th century specimens was initiated around 200 years ago
by the Duchess of Devonshire, Lady Georgiana Spencer, wife of the 5th Duke
of Devonshire, William Cavendish, when she was living in exile in Europe,
banished from her husband's house, due to the heavy gambling debts
accumulated by her, as a result of her addiction to gambling, a costly
pastime of the high society life style she led, as a socialite, having
gathered around her a large circle of literary and political friends.
Another more serious reason for her banishment from her family was the
discovery of her affair with the politician Charles Grey, by whom she became
pregnant, and subsequently gave birth to Grey's daughter, in Montpelier.
As a result of the mental agony caused by her separation from her family and
children she decided to study natural science with particular reference to
mineralogy, a subject that had fascinated her for sometime, as an escape
from her mental worries, and to keep herself occupied during this long
period of isolation. What lady Georgiana Spencer achieved during this period
of forced isolation from family and friends, is a great testimony to what
the human spirit can achieve given the interest and determination to keep
oneself going, overcoming all barriers on the way. She took her first
lessons in natural history and mineralogy while at Nice, from one Dr. Dreux,
and later when she reached Lausanne in May 1792, she and her sister
Harriet, took private lessons in chemistry and mineralogy, with Henri Struve,
a professor of chemistry. During this period she made new acquaintances
mostly intellectuals and scientists such as Edward Gibbon, the historian,
Henry Pelham, Lord and Lady Palmerston, and scientist Sir Charles Blagden,
all of whom encouraged Georgiana in the pursuance of her studies. With
Charles Bladgen she developed a lifelong friendship, and Bladgen was
responsible to a great extent in maintaining her interests in chemistry and
mineralogy. Simultaneous to the theoretical lessons she was having in
mineralogy, she began putting together her own collection of minerals by
undertaking field trips, and assisted by her colleagues. Within a short
period she was able to send to England, two cases full of mineral specimens
catalogued by a professor of mineralogy, in Lausanne, to her banker
Thomas Coutts, for safe keeping.
From Lausanne she reached Rome and Naples, where she continued with her
studies in mineralogy and her quest for mineral specimens. With her
knowledge of mineralogy and geology expanding, she received recognition from
the company of intellectuals she was moving with, and was invited for the
meeting of scientists held to study the Vesuvius, that included Sir Charles Blagden, Sir Joseph Banks, Sir William Hamilton, a renowned vulcanologist
and ambassador to Naples, and other scientists. She then had the opportunity
of climbing the Vesuvius to watch the vapors rising from the crater, and
possibly to collect some mineral specimens. Georgiana returned to England
with her collection of mineral specimens in August 1793, a completely
reformed woman with a humble personality, characteristics acquired by her
education and contacts with the intellectuals of Society. She was devoted to
her children and reconciled somewhat to the Duke, but spent long hours in a
backroom of Devonshire House, studying chemistry and mineralogy. Sir Charles
Blagden was a frequent visitor to the house, and she attended Dr.Bryan
Higgins lectures at his school of Chemistry. The chemist and physician
Thomas Beddoes and the chemist and physicist Henry Cavendish (a second
cousin of the duke), were impressed by her knowledge in chemistry and
mineralogy. In 1796, she fell seriously sick, but recovered after surgery,
loosing an eye and disfigured, but her resolve and fortitude increased. Her
passion for mineralogy continued, and she employed White Watson in 1799, to
catalogue her substantial mineral collection at Chiswick and later in 1804,
the mineral collection at Chatsworth.
Georgiana died in 1806, at the age of 49, leaving behind her legacy, a
comprehensive and systematic mineral collection, representative of all
classes of minerals, unlike other collections noted for their rarity and
exceptional aesthetic qualities. The 5th Duke of Devonshire died five years
later in 1811 and was succeeded by his only legitimate son the 6th Duke of
Devonshire, William George Spencer Cavendish, at the age of 21.
The 6th Duke of Devonshire's contribution to
the collection
The 6th duke of Devonshire inherited a vast fortune from his father at a
very young age, but in spite of this he acted responsibly, in order to save
the good name of the family. One of the first things he did was to pay off
his stepmother, the 5th Duke's mistress, whom his father married after
Georgiana Spencer's death, in order to remove her from the household.
However he arranged for the payment of an annuity to his stepmother and her
children and continued to support them as long as it was necessary. The Duke
also arranged for the settlement of his mother's remaining gambling debts, a
major portion of which was already settled by his father. The Duke made his
first speech in the House of Lords in January 1812.
He then embarked on a project to refurbish some of the stately homes which he
inherited. This included Chatsworth and Lismore. Like his father and mother,
both of whom were readers and great lovers of books, the 6th Duke also
developed a love for books, and made big purchases at some of the greatest
book sales of the 19th century. He made so many purchases that soon the
existing library built by the first Duke of Devonshire, was hardly enough to
contain all of them, and needed modification and further expansion. The
Chatsworth Library today contains over 50,000 volumes. Later with the help
of the architect Jeffrey Wyatt he planned and carried out a major extension
to Chatsworth House, in order to accommodate his collections, and to create
sufficient room for grand entertainments.
In 1817, the Duke traveled to St. Petersburg, Russia, on the invitation of
Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia, with whom he built up a close relationship
during his stay in London in 1816. The Duke was also expected to attend the
wedding of Grand Duke Nicholas. While in Russia, the Duke dined with Emperor
Alexander I, and was also feted by the Russian nobility. After his
successful trip to Russia, the Duke developed an interest for more foreign
travel, and traveled to Italy in search of Italian artworks, especially
marble sculpture, and he spent a fortune acquiring these creations, which
eventually adorned his newly set-up sculpture gallery. Francis Chantrey a
renowned sculptor became a friend and frequent visitor to Chatsworth.
Chantrey besides being a sculptor, was also an enthusiastic collector of
minerals, and owned one of the finest collection of minerals. It is believed
that it was Chantrey who fired the Duke's enthusiasm for minerals, something
which his mothers friend White Watson was not able to achieve by giving him
lessons on minerals in his youth. In 1826, when Grand Duke Nicholas,
ascended the Russian throne as Czar Nichoas I, the Duke of Devonshire, was
appointed as Britain's Ambassador Extraordinary to Russia, a move that was
expected to bring benefits to both countries.
The 6th Duke like his mother also acquired quite a lot of mineral specimens,
but unlike his mother's collection there is no proper catalogue of this
collection in Chatsworth House. However a few short lists of items acquired
between 1817 to 1827 are available. Most of the mineral specimens believed
to have been acquired by the Duke, were exceptional specimens of superior
quality, because the Duke unlike his mother had unlimited funds at his
disposal to make purchases of expensive specimens. Records in the Chatsworth
archives show that purchases were made by the Duke from the following
persons :- Henry Heuland, a leading mineral dealer of the day, in 1820, 1833,
and again in 1834; Sir Alexander Crichton, a physician, surgeon,
psychiatrist and geologist, who was the personal physician to Emperor
Alexander of Russia from 1803 -1814, in whose memory the rare mineral
crichtonite has been named. The Crichton Mineral Collection was said to be
one of the finest collections in Russia. It appears that the Duke had
exchanged some of Derbyshire and Cornish minerals for mineral specimens from
Crichton. Dr Crichton had also helped the Duke in purchasing some mineral
specimens when the two of them met in St. Petersburg. After Dr, Crichton
retired from his post in Russia in 1819 and returned to London, his
collection of minerals numbering up to 4,000 specimens were put up for
auction in London, over a period of 16 days from April 20, 1827. Several
famous collectors, organizations and societies, attended the sale. The Duke
of Devonshire also attended the sale on the 4th and 7th of May, choosing the
lots himself. Though the Duke was inclined towards purchasing specimens of
Russian origin, not all the specimens purchased were Russian.
The 6th Duke of Devonshire died in his sleep in 1858, but as early as 1844,
the Duke had made some comments in his handbook about the state of the
Devonshire Mineral Collection. "All these minerals are in a disgraceful
state of neglect and want of classification. Those collected by my mother
ought to be replaced in their former order, as they were in the days of
White Watson of Bakewell, who in vain endeavored to hammer mineralogy into
our youthful heads."
Restoration of the Devonshire Mineral
Collection to its former glory by members of the Russell Society
Unfortunately the state of neglect referred to by the 6th Duke continued for
several generations of Dukes of Devonshire spanning 148 years, until in the
year 1992 when the Russell Society, the premier Mineralogical Society of
Britain, who were celebrating their 20th anniversary, decided to visit the
mineral collection of the Duke of Devonshire, at Chatsworth House, with the
permission of the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, as none of the members of
the society has ever had the opportunity of examining this extensive and
historic collection. An advanced team of the Society's members who visited
the Chataworth House were shocked to see so many rare and valuable mineral
specimens, such as Russian aquamarine crystals both elongated and prismatic
forms, old Cornish specimens, a suite of superb Derbyshire galenas, and so
many other local and foreign specimens, still stored in piles of cardboard
boxes in a basement cupboard, and another jumbled collection of specimens
stored in two glass-fronted cupboards in the floor above, and lots of other
specimens stored in a row of wall cases along the length of a nearby
corridor. The specimens were in a poor state of preservation, covered with
dust and dirt, the labels from most of the specimens having dropped off, and
the boxes that contained them in a state of decay. Members of the advanced
team picked out a fairly representative collection of specimens for display
to the membership, and after cleaning laid them on a large table in a
basement library. Some expensive specimens such as the "Duke of Devonshire
Emerald," a rough emerald crystal from Brazil, and two silver specimens in
small glass cases, were brought out from the strong room for the occasion.
The 20th AGM of the Russell Society and their visit to Chatsworth House
turned out to be a great success, and a lifetime experience for most its
members. The glittering specimens laid out on the table were left for the
inspection of the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, as none of the dukes since
the mid-19th century had ever seen the specimens cleaned and exhibited like
this.
Everyone who attended the exhibition of the representative collection of
mineral specimens at the Chatsworth House, including the Duke and Duchess of
Devonshire, were agreed that immediate intervention was needed to save the
valuable and historic collection. A plan of action was drawn up, to
inventory, classify and restore the collection to its former glory, in
accordance with the dream of the 6th Duke, and received the approval
of the Duke and Duchess. Members of the Russell Society, started working on
the collection and after a long period of over ten years have finally
restored the collection to its original glory. The unduly long period taken
for the restoration reflects the large numbers of specimens involved, the
difficulties involved in identifying, classifying, labeling and cataloguing
the collection, which was time consuming. Special drawers acquired from the
Hunterian Museum in Glasgow were provided to house the re-organized
collection. As far as possible the original cataloguing done by White Watson
for Georgiana Spencer's collection was followed. The 6th duke's collection
which were not previously catalogued, had to be identified,
classified, labeled and catalogued according to a suitable system. The
catalogues were divided into sub-catalogues that were labeled from A to Z.
Display of the Devonshire Emerald at the
Great Exhibition of 1851
Prof. James Tennant, the lecturer, mineral dealer and collector, was a
frequent visitor to Chatsworth House who spent long hours with the 6th Duke
of Devonshire, and possibly did some work on the collection. The Professor
earned the respect and confidence of the Duke, and when the Great Exhibition
was held in the Crystal Palace in 1851, the Duke readily agreed to loan out
the "Duke of Devonshire Emerald" and other specimens which included the
Simplon Tunnel Quartz Crystals, to be exhibited in the Professor's stall at
the Exhibition. The exhibits had a pride of place in one of the main avenues
of the exhibition.
Display of the Devonshire Emerald at the
mineral gallery of the British Museum of Natural History.
In the year 1911, the curator of the British Museum of Natural History G. F.
Herbert Smith borrowed the Devonshire Emerald from Chatsworth House
for display at the Coronation Exhibition organized at the Museum, in
connection with the Coronation of King George V, on June 22, 1911. However,
the museum decided to retain the emerald for a longer period after the
exhibition, and finally returned it only with reluctance and regret in 1915.
In a letter to J. P. Maine, the Librarian at Chatsworth, dated 25th March
1915, G. F. H. Smith stated, "Its interest is mainly mineralogical and it
would be far more accessible to those who can appreciate such a specimen, in
this museum than in a private collection." However, such remonstrations
went unheeded until in July 1936 the emerald was again loaned for exhibition
in the mineral gallery of the British Museum of Natural History, for an
extended period, lasting until January 1950, except during the period of
World War II. The renowned emerald was also exhibited in the Gemological
Association's exhibition, held in London in 1949, and again in the City of
Birmingham Museum in 1955. After that the stone was again returned to the
safe vault of Chatsworth House.
Display of the Devonshire Emerald in the
Vault the new permanent gallery at the Natural History Museum, London
The new permanent gallery known as the Vault, at the London's Natural
History Museum, replaces the meteorite gallery that used to be at the far
end of the systematic mineral gallery. The Vault that opened on November 28,
2007, had been specially designed to ensure maximum security for the
invaluable gemstones and minerals that were to be exhibited there, some
permanently, while others that were on loan on a temporary basis. The need
for such a mineral gallery that would ensure the security of the exhibits,
was greatly felt, about two years ago, in the year 2005, when an exhibition
of famous diamonds held in the museum was closed abruptly on November 22,
2005, when the police flying squad detectives warned that a violent raid was
about to take place.
To coincide with the opening of the vault, the authorities of the Natural
History Museum had organized a display of some of the world's most expensive
gems and jewels. Some of the famous gemstones and minerals that went on
display at this event were as follows :-
1) The historic Devonshire emerald, one of the world's largest and best
known uncut emeralds.
2) The "Star of South Africa" or the "Dudley Diamond" a pear-shaped, 3-sided
stellar brilliant that once was the property of the Earl of Dudley, and
whose discovery in 1869 in the region around the Orange and Vaal Rivers
prompted a diamond rush to the region by prospectors.
3) The Aurora Collection, the most comprehensive collection of naturally
colored diamonds in the world, consisting of 296 diamonds, weighing a total
of 267.45 carats, put together by New York diamond collectors, Alan
Bronstein and Harry Rodman.
4) Heron Allen's Cursed Amethyst, commonly known as the purple sapphire was
brought to England, by an officer of the Bengal Cavalry, who looted it
during the Indian mutiny of 1855. The notorious gemstone had an infamous
history, bringing misfortune, to whoever who handled it.
5) The La trobe nugget of crystallized gold.
6) The Nakhla Rock, a meteorite from Mars that fell in Egypt in 1911,
killing a dog, the only known fatality caused by an object from another
planet.
7) The Siderite Box Epimorph, a perfect hollow cube with white quartz
crystals growing inside, a mineral of British origin, discovered in the
Virtuous Lady Mine, in Devon.
8) A South African Sperrylite Crystal
9) Hope's nose Devon gold, another mineral of British origin.
10) Rhodocrosites from Bryan Lees mineral collection.
11) A pinkish-orange Padparadscha Sapphire from Sri Lanka.
12) A pink Morganite Beryl from Madagascar.
Each of the exhibits were accompanied by a short description on its nature,
origin, history and other relevant facts, that provided useful and
interesting information for the visito
Please submit
your contributions ,comments and questions (See below)
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References
1.Top security protects vault of priceless gems - website
of the Guardian Newspaper.
2.Natural History Museum Opens Gem
Encrusted Gallery - Website of 24hours museum.
3.Devonshire
Mineral Collection of Chatsworth House - An 18th Century Survivor and its
restoration - The Mineralogical Record, May/June 2005, by Michael P. Cooper.
4.Dukes
of Devonshire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
5.William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire - Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia.
