Origin of name
The Regent diamond gets it's name from the duke d'
Orleans Philippe II, the Regent of France for the young King Louis XV from
1715 to1723. He purchased the stone in 1717 from Thomas Pitt, the
grandfather of William Pitt, the Elder, the great 18th century British
Statesman.
Characteristics of the
diamond
The diamond is a 140.64-carat, cushion-shaped, internally
flawless stone, with a D-color grading, but having a slightly bluish tinge,
characteristic of stones originating from the Golconda mines. The bluish
tinge is caused by fluorescence and is more prominent if observed under
bright daylight, rich in ultra violet wave lengths. The cut of the diamond
is a stellar brilliant-cut with eight needle-like facets on the pavilion of
the stone, pointing outwards from the culet facet.
Color in diamonds can be caused in three different ways
:-
1. Presence of minute quantities of impurities like
Nitrogen and Boron in the crystal.
2. Plastic deformation of the crystal.
3. Exposure of crystals to natural irradiation over
long periods of time.
Diamonds that do not conform to any one of the above
conditions are absolutely colorless, and are known as D-color or top-color
diamonds. Such diamonds are rare and constitute only about 1-2 % of all
naturally occurring diamonds. Thus D-color diamonds are chemically pure and
structurally perfect diamonds.
Early history
Like all famous diamonds that originated in Southern
India, the Regent diamond too has a thrilling an interesting history
associated with it, depicting a pattern of human behavior, common to all
ages of human existence, such as greed, the desire to get rich quick at any
cost, the tendency to achieve one's goals either by fair or foul means, etc.
After the acquisition of the diamonds by the monarchy, their failures as
well as triumphs, became part of it's interesting history. Likewise,
political and social upheavals too contributed to the colorful history of
diamonds.
The Regent diamond is believed to have been discovered by
a slave in the alluvial diamond mines of Golconda, known as the Parteal
mines, on the banks of the Krishna river, sometime between 1698 and 1701. The
territory of Golconda lay between the lower reaches of the Godavari and
Krishna rivers, and extended to the Bay of Bengal coast. Golconda city was
situated 5 miles west of Hyderabad in the north-central Andhra Pradesh State
of southern India. It was the capital of the Qutub Shahi Kingdom from 1512
to 1687. Golconda was annexed to the Mughal Empire in 1687 by Emperor
Aurangzeb, and remained under Mughal rule until 1724. At the time the Regent
diamond was discovered in Golconda between 1698 and 1701, it was under the
rule of the Mughal Emperors. It was in 1724, that the Mughals lost control
of Golconda, when one of their viceroys Asaf Jah also known as Nizam-ul-Mulk
declared independence, and founded the dynasty of the Nizams of Hyderabad.
The slave who discovered the diamond, smuggled it out of
the mines, concealed within the bandages of a self-inflicted wound. How it
would have been possible to smuggle an enormous rough stone weighing 410
carats in such a manner seems to defy one's imagination, but this is
how the legend goes.
The slave reached the relative safety of the coastal
areas, where he was able to meet a foreigner, an Englishman, who was a
captain of a ship, and who could have assisted him in disposing of his
valuable find. The slave negotiated a deal with the captain, offering him 50 %
of the proceeds on the sale of the stone, after he was given safe passage to
another country. The slave boarded the ship, when it was leaving the port,
on it's way to Bombay. But, during this voyage, the captain was tempted to
acquire the stone for himself, and decided to eliminate the slave by murdering
him and throwing the body overboard. When the ship reached Bombay, the
captain went ashore with the diamond, and found an Indian diamond
merchant by the name of Jamchand, to whom he sold the diamond for a sum of
about
£1,000. Subsequently, the Captain had squandered the money possibly on
alcohol and other vices, and in a fit of remorse for the crime committed by
him, and while in a state of severe depression committed suicide, by hanging
himself.
Jamchand sold the diamond in 1702, for about £ 20,000 to
the British Governor of Madras, Thomas Pitt, who was the grandfather of
William Pitt, the Elder, the great 18th century British Statesman. Thomas
Pitt was an ambitious British merchant, whose involvement in business
activities in Balasore, India, in 1674, brought him into conflict with the
British East India Company, who got him arrested and fined in 1683, for
engaging in trade without the permission of the company. Again in 1693, Pitt
embarked on another trading venture in southern India, and the British East
India Company, unable to check his activities, took him into service in
1694. In 1697, the company appointed him president of Fort St. George,
Madras, in which post he served for 12 years, until he was dismissed in
1709.
Thomas Pitt got the diamond cut in London, by the diamond
cutter Harris, between 1704 and 1706. The cutting took two years and cost
about £ 5,000. Several smaller stones that were also cut from the original
rough, were sold for about £ 7,000 and were purchased by Emperor Peter the
Great of Russia. The larger stone, a cushion-shaped brilliant-cut diamond
weighing 140.64 carats, turned out to be one of the finest and most
brilliant of the known large diamonds, in spite of a small imperfection. The
Regent Diamond is the 7th largest D-color diamond, and the 2nd largest
cushion-cut D-color diamond in the world.
After returning to England in 1709, Thomas Pitt, started
looking for prospective buyers for his exceptional diamond, which included
the royalty of several European countries, one of whom was Louis XIV of
France. Even though Thomas Pitt was not able to sell his diamond to Louis
the XIV, after his death in 1715, when Philippe II, the duke d' Orleans, was
appointed Regent, to the successor of Louis XIV, the five year old King
Louis XV, Pitt succeeded in negotiating a deal for the diamond with the
Regent, in 1717. The diamond was sold to the Regent for about £ 135,000, and
thereafter the diamond came to be known as the Regent Diamond.
The diamond was later set in a crown for the coronation
of Louis XV in 1723, and again in a separate crown for the coronation of
Louis XVI in 1775. It was also used as an adornment on the hat of Marie
Antoinette, the Queen consort of Louis XVI. In 1791, it's appraised value
was £ 480,000. The French Revolution erupted in 1787 and lasted until 1799.
During this tumultuous period, in 1792, the Garde Meuble (Royal Treasury)
that housed the fabulous collection of the French Crown Jewels, was robbed
and most of the famous and valuable diamonds such as the Regent, the Sancy,
the French Blue (Tavernier Blue), etc. disappeared. Some of the gems were
later recovered, but the whereabouts of the Regent Diamond remained a
mystery, until finally it was traced to a Paris garret, where it was hidden
in a hole under the roof timberwork.
Modern history
The Regent diamond was used as security on several
occasions by the Directoire (Directorate) and later the Consulat
(Consulate), the governing bodies created after the revolution. The diamond
was permanently redeemed by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, after he assumed
power in 1799. Napoleon used the diamond to embellish his sword, getting it
mounted on the hilt of his sword, that he carried at his coronation in 1804.
Again in 1812, the diamond appeared on the Emperor's two-edged sword,
mounted by the goldsmith Nitot. After Napoleon's defeat in 1814, he was
exiled to the Island of Elba, and his second wife Marie Louise of Austria,
carried the Regent diamond back to Austria. But, later her father Emperor
Francis I of Austria, returned the Regent diamond to France and the stone
again became part of the French Crown Jewels.
The Regent diamond was then mounted successively on the
crowns of Louis XVIII (1815-24), Charles X (1824-30) and Napoleon III
(1852-70). Finally the Regent diamond was mounted on a Greek diadem (crown)
designed for Empress Eugenie, wife of Napoleon III. After Napoleon III
was defeated at the battle of Sedan in Sept 1870, by the Germans, he went
into exile in England with Empress Eugenie and his family.
The Greek diadem designed for Empress Eugenie with the
Regent diamond mounted on it, has been on display, at the Louvre, in France,
since 1887. Most of the French Crown Jewels, were sold at an auction in
1887, but the Regent diamond was preserved as a national treasure and
exhibited at the Louvre since then. During world war II, when the Germans
invaded France, the Regent diamond was sent to Chambord, a village in
central France, lying on the Banks of the Cosson River, east of Blois. The
village situated in the 5,500 hectare National Hunting Reserve and Breeding
Park is owned by the State, and surrounded by the longest wall in Paris with
a length of 32 Km (20 miles). The famous Renaissance Chateau with 440 rooms,
is situated in this village. The Regent diamond was hidden inside the
chateau, behind a stone panel. After the war, the Regent was returned to
Paris and put on display in the Apollo Gallery of the Louvre Museum. In the
year 1962, the Regent diamond was displayed at the "Ten Centuries of French
Jewelry Exhibition" held at the Louvre Museum.
Present owners of the
diamond
The Regent diamond had been the property of the French
Louvre Museum since 1887 and remains so up to this day. It is one of the
most important items in the famous and notable collection of jewels and
jewelry belonging to the museum.
