Origin of name
The origin of the name "Spanish Inquisition Necklace" seems to be shrouded
in mystery just as much as the origin of the necklace itself. According to
Jeffrey Post, the curator of the National Museum of Natural History of the
Smithsonian Institution, it was Harry Winston who gave the necklace the
interesting name the "Spanish Inquisition Necklace," before he sold it to
Mrs. Cora Hubbard Williams of Pittsburgh. What prompted Harry Winston to
select such an infamous name for a necklace is far from certain. Perhaps it
might have been the legendary association of this necklace with the Spanish
royalty at one point in its long history, or the resemblance of the necklace
to jewelry produced during this period. But why bring in the controversial
name "Inquisition" to a necklace, when it has nothing to do with this
infamous period in Spanish history ? Surely, Harry Winston never intended to
perpetuate the name "Spanish Inquisition" one of the darkest chapters in the
history of mankind, during which the intolerance of mediaeval Christianity
towards religious pluralism, led to the persecution of Jews, Muslims and
Protestants in
pluralistic Spain, that led to at least 2,000 of these innocent souls being
burned alive at the stakes.
©Smithsonian Institution
However there might be another explanation for the choice of the name
"Spanish Inquisition Necklace." During the dark period of the Spanish
inquisition that lasted from the 1478 to 1834, most of the Jews who
converted themselves to Catholicism out of fear of being persecuted,
continued to practice their Jewish faith secretly, and the Jewish women
usually wore a necklace with a pendant made up of a row of tiny butterflies,
which was then known as a "Butterfly Necklace." Little did their Catholic
persecutors know that these so-called butterflies necklaces could be folded
and closed to form the sacred symbol of the Jewish faith, the "Star of
David." Thus in the midst of persecution the Jews of Spain continued to be
close to their religious beliefs by adopting such ingenuous techniques. The
"Butterfly Necklaces" subsequently came to be known as the "Spanish
Inquisition Necklaces" or the "Star of David Necklaces." Perhaps, Harry
Winston in choosing the name "Spanish Inquisition Necklace" was trying to
perpetuate the memory of these original Inquisition necklaces, that were
symbols of peaceful defiance against the arrogance and intolerance that was
the established order of the day.
©Smithsonian Institution
Characteristics of the Spanish Inquisition
Necklace
The lower-half of the necklace which is double-stranded consists of two
concentric semi-circles, made up of smaller diamonds interspersed with pairs
of large barrel-shaped diamonds and emeralds, placed symmetrically on the
strands. There are eight pairs of larger diamonds and four pairs larger
emeralds on these strands. A chandelier-shaped pendant made up of five large
emeralds is placed centrally on the double strand, with the largest emerald
in the necklace centrally placed on the lower strand.
The upper-half of the necklace is single-stranded made up of smaller
diamonds only. At the two points on the necklace where the upper-half and
lower-half meet, two large emeralds have been placed. Altogether, there are
15 large emeralds, 16 large diamonds, and around 120 smaller diamonds in the
necklace.
The largest emerald in the necklace is an old Indian-cut, 45-carat,
barrel-shaped emerald placed centrally in the necklace. According to the
Smithsonian, "The rich velveteen color and exceptional clarity place the
large emerald among the world's very finest quality emeralds. The shape
closely approximates the form of the original elongated hexagonal crystal,
suggesting that the crystal faces were simply rounded off to yield the
largest possible gem."
History
Source of the emeralds
According to the Smithsonian all 15 emeralds in the "Spanish Inquisition
Necklace" are undoubtedly of Colombian origin, and going by the old
Indian-cut of the emeralds and diamonds, prevalent during the Moghul period,
the stones belong to the 16th or 17th centuries, the period when the Moghul
Empire was at the height of its glory. Production in the Muzo and Chivor
mines began in the mid-16th century, but the Chivor mines were closed down
indefinitely by royal decree in 1675, due to the inhuman and cruel
conditions prevailing in the mines. Thus the emeralds in the "Spanish
Inquisition Necklace" could have originated in any one of these mines or
both. Any emerald in the necklace that has a pure, strong, saturated, dark
green color, could possibly have originated in the Muzo mines. Likewise any
green emerald which has an overabundance of secondary blue hue, known as a
bluish-green emerald, could possibly have originated in the Chivor mines.
The emeralds reach the Mughal Empire of India
The emeralds recovered from the Muzo and Chivor mines in the 16th and 17th
centuries eventually reached Spain, from where they were re-exported to the
main consuming nations of the period, the rich Moghul Empire in India, the
Persian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. This explains why most of the ancient
emeralds of this period are found today in the museums of Iran, Turkey and
India. The emeralds that reached northern India, were cut and polished by
the Indian gemstone cutters of the period , applying the techniques and
cutting styles in vogue during that period. This explains the old Indian-cut
of the emeralds and diamonds in the necklace.
Period of uncertainty in the history of the
necklace
The history of the necklace after the emeralds were cut in India is
uncertain. It is not known whether the emeralds and accompanying diamonds
were set into a necklace in India or in another country in Asia or Europe.
It might well have been set in India under the orders of a Moghul Emperor,
and the necklace eventually came into the possession of the Maharajah of
Indore in the early 20th century. It is not known from where and how the
Maharajah
acquired the diamond and emerald necklace. Information concerning details of
the early history of the necklace is seriously lacking.
According to a legend at least a part or variation of this necklace was once
the property of the Spanish and later the French royalty adorned by the
ladies of their courts. But, we are not sure how a necklace set in India
eventually reached the Spanish or French courts. It is also possible that
though the emeralds and diamonds were cut in India, the necklace was
eventually set in one of the European countries and later acquired by the
Maharajah of Indore from one of the auction houses like Christie's in the
early 20th century. But, what is significant is that when Harry Winston
purchased the necklace from the son of the Maharajah of Indore in 1947, it
was already set in its present form, and was not subject to any form of
modification by him.
Tukoji Rao III - the Maharajah of Indore who
acquired the necklace
Tukoji Rao III
Indore is one of the four states of the Maratha Confederacy founded by the
Holkar Dynasty in 1724. The Princely States of India existed as independent
entities during the British colonial period, but were absorbed into the
Indian Republic after independence in 1947. Today Indore is part of the
Madhya Pradesh State of the Indian Republic. The Maharajah of Indore at the
beginning of the 20th century, who purchased the emerald and diamond
necklace, was Tukoji Rao III, the same Maharajah who is associated with the
renowned "Indore Pears Diamonds" also acquired by Harry Winston in 1946. The
Prince had many concubines in his palace, but had a soft corner for a beautiful dancing girl in his court by the name
of Mumtaz Begum. However, unfortunately the girl did not reciprocate his
advances. The girl was waiting for an opportunity to escape from the
clutches of the Maharajah, and she did not have to wait long for such an
opportunity. One day when the entourage of the Maharajah was traveling in
his private train, Mumtaz Begum, who was part of the entourage, escaped from
the train, when it slowed down or stopped at one point during its journey.
The girl escaped to Amritsar, from where she eventually reached Bombay.
While at Bombay she came under the protection of a rich merchant, probably
as his mistress.
Tukoji Rao III, who had contacts in all big cities in India, got information
about the whereabouts of his hearts desire, within a matter of days, and
sent a team comprising of members of the Indore army and mounted police, to
kidnap the girl from Bombay, headed by his Aide-de-Camp. The team studied
the movements of the girl in Bombay, and struck one day when she was
traveling in a car with a friend, driven by an official of the Bombay
Municipal Corporation, somewhere near the Malabar Hill Hanging Gardens of
Bombay. They attacked the car and attempted to kidnap the girl, and in the
process the driver of the car was killed on the spot. Mumtaz Begum and her
friend were seriously injured. Fortunately, some British officers who
happened to pass the scene of the crime at the crucial moment, were able to
apprehend one of the assailants, whose subsequent interrogation revealed the
Maharajah's involvement. Moreover, Mumtaz Begum who recovered from her
injuries, told the police that one of the assailants was the Aide-de-Camp to
the Maharajah. The British colonial authorities took a serious view of the
Maharajah's involvement in the crime, and gave him two options. Either
abdicate in favor of his son or appear at the subsequent official inquiry.
The Maharajah chose to abdicate in favor of his son.
The necklace is acquired by Harry Winston
Yashvantrao II
Yashvantrao II, the son of Tukoji Rao III, ascended the throne of
Indore in 1926 after the abdication of his father, and inherited the crown
jewels including the diamond and emerald necklace. Yashvantrao II ruled
Indore until the independence of India in 1947, when he acceded to join the
Indian Republic. In 1947, Yashvantrao II disposed of the diamond and emerald
necklace to Harry Winston, who had previously in 1946 purchased the Indore
Pears from his father Tukoji Rao.
Harry Winston christens the necklace as the
"Spanish Inquisition Necklace"
Harry Winston who purchased the necklace christened it the "Spanish
Inquisition Necklace" for reasons that can only be conjectured. The necklace
then became part of Harry Winston's court of jewels exhibition that traveled
round the United States from 1949 to 1953. Other prominent exhibits that
were also included in this exhibition were, the Hope diamond, the Portuguese
diamond, the Star of the East diamond, and the Eugenie Blue diamond.
Catherine Hepburn wears the "Spanish
Inquisition Necklace" for the 1947 Oscars
Catherine Hepburn was an American actress of films, television and stage,
and holds the record for the most Best Actress Oscar wins, with four
out of 12 nominations. Her acting career lasted more than 70 years, and in
1999, the American Film Institute ranked her as the greatest female star in
the history of American cinema.
At the height of her career in 1947, she attended the 19th Annual Oscars
held on March 13, 1947, at the Shrine Civic Auditorium, and on this occasion
wore the "Spanish Inquisition Necklace," that was just acquired by Harry
Winston from the Maharajah of Indore, and lent to her by him. The tradition
of lending famous jewelry pieces for the Annual Oscars by leading jewelry
houses in America, is still being adhered to on a grand scale, and has
become an occasion to showcase their products.
Cora Hubbard Williams purchases the "Spanish
Inquisition Necklace" and bequeaths it to the Smithsonian
In 1955, Harry Winston sold the "Spanish Inquisition Necklace" to Mrs. Cora
Hubbard Williams of Pittsburgh, who bequeathed the necklace to the National
Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution in 1972. Today, the
"Spanish Inquisition Necklace" is displayed in the Janet Annenberg Hooker
Hall of Geology, Gems and Minerals of the NMNH of the Smithsonian
Institution in Washington DC. The diamonds and emeralds in this necklace are
the oldest cut gemstones in the national collection.
Related :-
1) Chalk Emerald Ring
2)
Patricia Emerald
3)
The Moghul Emerald
4)
The Duke of Devonshire Emerald
5)
The Gachala Emerald
6) The Hooker Emerald
7)
The Maximilian Emerald Ring
8)
The Sacred Emerald Buddha
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References
1.Website of the National Museum of Natural History of
the Smithsonian Institution.
2.Spanish Inquisition -
from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
3.Indore Pears - Web
article, internet stones.com
4.Colombian Emerald - Gary Roskin, GG, FGA.
-JCK online.com
5.The National Gem Collection - Jeffrey Post
6.The Emerald Deposits
of Muzo Colombia - Joseph E. Pogu Ph. D. Transactions of the American
Institute of Mining Engineers. Vol LV, 1917.
